Beyond Brushing: Oral Health Basics

Authors: Dr. Amit Abraham, Dr. Karima Chaabna, and Dr. Sohaila Cheema

Oral health is the health of teeth, gums, and the whole oral-facial structure that allows us to smile, speak, and chew. Maintaining good oral hygiene involves the holistic care of your mouth and teeth, as it significantly impacts not only your smile but also your ability to talk and eat, and even your self-esteem. While the foundation of oral hygiene is regular brushing, comprehensive preventive care includes the use of dental floss and mouthwash, and regular visits to the dentist. Various microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, can coexist in the mouth, most of which are benign. However, some microorganisms can proliferate and cause issues like bad breath, gum disease, and tooth decay if proper oral hygiene is not practiced or maintained.

Oral diseases are common and often attributed to poor dental hygiene, frequent consumption of sugar-rich food and drinks, and the use of risky substances such as tobacco or alcohol. Plaque that builds up on the teeth harbors microorganisms, which can lead to cavities when the outer covering of the teeth (enamel) is eroded. Untreated tooth decay (or cavities) is the most common health condition globally and is, for the most part, preventable. Gum disease results when microorganisms take hold in the gums and surrounding bones. The ramifications of poor oral health extend beyond the mouth to include heart disease, stroke, and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Furthermore, illnesses affect other parts of the body can influence oral health. For instance, people with diabetes are more susceptible to severe gum disease than those without the condition.

The road to good oral health

1. Brush often: Brush your teeth twice a day (morning and night) using toothpaste that has at least 1000 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride to properly remove plaque. Brushing too hard may damage your gums, which is why a soft- or medium-bristled toothbrush is recommended. Remember to change your toothbrush/toothbrush head (if electric) every 2-3 months, or if the bristles have frayed.
2. Manual vs electric toothbrush: If you brush using good technique for two minutes twice a day, it does not matter whether you use a manual or electric toothbrush. Pick whatever you find comfortable and effective. Electric toothbrushes can be useful for children and people with disabilities, who may have difficulty brushing harder-to-access parts of the mouth.
3. Floss regularly: Flossing helps to break up plaque on surfaces between the teeth and under the gumline, which may be out of reach of your toothbrush. Try to floss twice a day between each tooth. Use a gentle up-and-down motion between the tooth and the gumline. String floss is preferred, but dental picks or water flossers can be more suitable for children or people with disabilities.
4. Make a dentist’s appointment: You should visit your dentist regularly. How often may vary by individual, but in general it is recommended to make an appointment every six months. People with specific health conditions may need to visit more often.
5. Be mindful of what you eat: A well-balanced diet can contribute to a healthy smile. Foods like dairy, leafy greens, nuts, and eggs, which contain minerals like calcium and phosphorus, can help protect teeth. Additionally, the high fiber, water, and nutrient content of fruits and vegetables can maintain oral health. Limit the intake of sugar-rich foods and beverages, such as milk chocolates and soft drinks, which can adversely impact oral health.
6. Avoid risky substances such as tobacco and alcohol: Substances such as tobacco and alcohol can disrupt the balance of microorganisms living in the mouth, which may contribute to tooth decay and gum disease and increase the risk of oral cancer.

Good oral hygiene is an investment in your general wellbeing and goes far beyond a beautiful smile and fresh breath. Most oral health conditions are preventable and can be treated in the early stages. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding tobacco and excessive sugar intake, and consistently practicing good oral hygiene all work together to keep you healthy overall. Remember: prevention is key for optimal oral and general health!

Sources: The World Health Organization | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | Harvard School of Public Health | Mayo Clinic | Johns Hopkins University | Cleveland Clinic: Flossing | Cleveland Clinic: Oral Health | The Conversation |

Editor: Julietta Mirghani